how to penny auctions work. That means that, in some cases, even after 100 bids, you could only be paying $1. how to penny auctions work

 
 That means that, in some cases, even after 100 bids, you could only be paying $1how to penny auctions work  Penny auctions

However, an auction for the iPad 2 16GB, with a list price of $499, hovered around $1. In a typical e-Bay auction, bidders wait until the closing seconds to place a bid a. Individuals and households that are on a tight budget can certainly receive a variety of distinct objects at cheap online penny auctions. Prices start at a penny and go up for every bid placed. For just a $5 listing fee per item, you can generate some quick income in a flash. Enhancing the students' learning4 How Do Penny Auctions Work 2023-07-30 Common Value Auctions and the Winner's Curse Springer This book constitutes the proceedings of the Joint INFORMS-GDN and EWG-DSS International Conference on Group Decision and Negotiation (GDN), held in Toulouse, France, during June 10–13, 2014. They were bidding because they had a chance to win a few items that they couldn’t otherwise afford. DealDash offers bids at a pretty low price point compared to other penny auctions – there are often bid pack sales with bids right now discounted to $0. There is a timer on the auction and the winner of the item is the last person to bid when the timer runs out. Higher End Decor (vintage, international, etc) Rare items of unique interest. uk because i have won an item and i received. We are always accepting individual items and collections for consignment to future auctions. Participants pay a fee to purchase bids. Items are posted for sale at a low price, sometimes starting for nothing. With most of these penny auction sites, the opposite is true: You could easily make 1000 "penny" bids and not win the item. Penny Auction. Auctions are both an exhilarating and nerve-wracking experience for buyers and sellers alike. This auction is suitable for government contracts, service contracts, work to be awarded to lower bidders. You buy a certain amount of bids to begin. Find The Most Convenient Auction Site: Once you clearly understand what is Penny Auction all about, you need to get the best website to work with. Penny auctions get their name not from what items will cost you (sorry, you really can´t win items for pennies), but from the item´s end price cost. Bid on online auctions and save. Each time someone bids on the item, the items price is increased by. They’re making money on individual bids. A penny auction is an auction that is held online where people bid against each other to win items at a discounted price. They have established a huge footprint online with a presence on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, as well as a blog that is updated several times a week. Far from the truth if you go into a penny auction like Quibids thinking “I’m a master at eBay this will be no problem!”You will be walking out broke and pissed off. How Penny Auctions Work: Penny Auctions are a new and innovative approach to the auction pace. Covering entertainment auction site news, finding and highlighting the good, along with uncovering and educating consumers of the dangers of bad penny auction sites. BidCactus. These auctions start at $0. This page takes a look at the top skoreit tips and strategy including the use of your profile and the skoreit bid agent. Penny Auction Script Software Must Have The Following Features. uk because i have won an item and i received. These products can be anything, but they're typically popular name brand items and electronics, gift cards, cash prizes, etc. QuiBids. They do not. The winning bidder pays the price of the item upon completion of the auction. Once the bidding war is down to two people, jump in. 999 fine silver round coin sold for $1. Consumers bid on the purchase price of the item while a clock counts down to zero. List of Best 10 Penny Bid Auction 1. Move all-in for the product you want. The highest bidder then wins the how to find penny auctions on ebay. This typically means that penny auction participants need to purchase ‘bid packages’, each of which contains several bids which can be placed on auctions. (For a detailed analysis and description, see Appendix A. The report states that the site employs effective controls to. For example, 100 bids cost $40. Read on to find out what makes these 16 coins the most valuable U. com and purchase bids. Please complete the form below to begin the consignment process. Step 1: The Consultation Meeting. Churches or youth groups. Quick calculation: the auction site needs to clear 1% to 2% of the bid price to cover the cost of the item being sold. Horse Plains Drifter Forums Admins, Member, Moderator Posts: 38,930 ***** Forums Admin. Firstly, I’ll admit there are a couple people out there who have said it better than I can myself:How Penny Auctions Work: Penny Auctions are a new and innovative approach to the auction pace. Also, the bid cost is usually lesser when you purchase a larger pack. 01. How it works. Xbox and PS3 Penny Auction Sites. These countdown digital electronic timers on pay per bid cent sales are anywhere from 10 a few minutes to 60 a few minutes. By buying bids on penny sites, you are already spending money with no guarantees of winning an item. Auto auctions allow buyers to purchase used cars through a bidding process, which usually results in lower prices than buying at a dealership. How penny auctions work. 50 cents each. Then there are a load of top sellers with great guns. Online auctions are a great place to find deals, sell your stuff, buy business equipment, or even secure. How Does a Penny Auction Work? In a penny auction, the site owner posts items and you pay to bid for them. Integrate a live chat or forum where users. If you are a newbie to penny auctions check out our how penny auctions work page first. In many cases, if a person bids, then they may not pay. 50 for the phone. Quibids, for example charges new users a minimum of $60 for a "bid pack" of 150 bids. Penny Auctions is a great and thrilling app where you bid to save up to 99%The Work of the Farm Security Administration in Region IX The Penny Auction Guide Put to Work Auction Theory Reno's Funmakers Aryan Cowboys Making Money A-Z with Self Storage Unit Auctions 2011 Winning and Losing in Penny Auctions Group Decision and Negotiation. bidou. 00, or a used car for $15. Zeekler Penny Auctions How Penny Auctions Work: Penny Auctions are a new and innovative approach to the auction pace. Reply; Bid crazy January 5, 2010, 1:48 pm. And terms of the penny auctions websites. You buy a certain amount of bids to begin. If it sounds confusing, we have a detailed guide on how penny auctions work that you can read through to learn exactly how bidding sites work. The price of auction items usually starts at zero, and each bid bumps the price of the item up a penny. So how do penny auctions work? "Penny-auction sites offer the thrill of the bid" (Consumer Reports) Greg Daugherty, executive editor of Consumer Reports, explained that penny auctions aren't like. Penny auctions, sometimes also referred to as “bidding fee auctions” or “entertainment shopping” are not like traditional online auctions, such as those hosted by eBay. It is a retail website that operates as a bidding fee auction, also known as a penny auction. com Review (Jump to Bidder Reviews & Ratings) Beezid entered the penny auction industry at the end of 2009. At the time of writing this article they give out 150 free bids per day just for logging in. com QuickBooks 2009: The Missing Manual QuickBooks 2018 All-in-One For Dummies Civil False Claims and Qui Tam Actions eBay For Seniors For Dummies QuickBooks 2009 All-in-One For Dummies QuickBooks 2019 All-in-One For Dummies QuickBooks 2022 All-in-One For Dummies The Penny Auction. Penny auctions are set up to have bidders bid in small increments, like a penny, on a given item. From Penny Auction List on August 27, 2011 :: 9:23 am. A Process-Oriented View Understanding Auctions Auctions The Oxford. If you dig around online asking the question "how do penny auctions work" and "what are penny auctions?" you'll see the common threads from people who scream at the top of their lungs that "penny auctions area all scams". You now have 10 bids in your ‘bid bank’. Learn the habits of bidders who are interested in items that you are looking to win. Best xbox 360 penny auction sites:The Penny Auction Guide How Do Penny Auction Sites Work Downloaded from by guest LARSON SHYANNE Introduction to Economics: Social Issues and Economic Thinking Walter de Gruyter Proven strategies and the latest selling tips from eBay's most elite merchants With an estimated 200,000 people making a full-timeSkoreit. The difference is this: each time you place a bid, that bid raises the price of the item being auctioned off by ONE PENNY. Flutteroo. com and click the "Advanced Search" option near the top of the page to the right of the search field. Today, the auction sites may call these changes as a brand new sort of retail purchasing. how penny auctions work. Let’s say the cost of one bid is 15¢ and each bid increased the item’s price by 1¢. Here’s how penny auctions work – and how they can work for you. When the auction time expiration reaches around 20 to 30 seconds, a new bid adds a few seconds to the clock, extending the auction. Helping you navigate the penny auction world. I just checked the Penny Start auctions (Sat afternoon) and it seems like more 50% of the revolers are the less desirable guns. 00 and each bid increases the auction price by £0. The Penny Auction Script enables the admin to check and manage the record of the. This allows you to see the final gun prices in recently concluded auctions, thus take the temperature of the market. How Do Penny Auctions Work? Here’s how penny auction sites work… Once you register with the site, you have to buy a bid package – let’s say 100 bids. Our goal on this page is to present several reputable penny auction sites, and rank them from biggest to smallest. Then, you use these bids to place bids on whatever item you want to get. First of all we need to know the rules. An absolute auction has no Reserve Price, and the starting bid is between $0. Learn to avoid these mistakes and help you. Ads for the penny auction site QuiBids and Happy Bid Day make it look easy to get expensive items for just a few dollars. Wavee is a superb penny auction site with top notch products including high end electronics, popular merchant gift cards, hot video games and luxury. Penny auction websites charge you to bid on items at a per-bid fee. Each chapter contains a special feature section devoted to cultural topics including the arts and architecture, sports and recreation, technology and education. The main difference being that with penny auction sites, like QB and DealDash (DealDash review), instead of bidding on individual items, you buy bids and use those as sort of “credit” to pay for stuff. Penny auctions work just like traditional auctions. QuiBids. Editorial Beezid. In most cases, bids cost between 30 cents and 60 cents apiece. Rare Pennies. You can add a. Help How it works. Check out the site fully. Bid-Ninja Analytics delivers vital information through your web browser to help you bid smarter, which in turn will allow you to win more Dealdash & Quibids penny auctions while spending less money buying bids. Feed The topics in Internet Marketing that you should be reading right now New Threads with the newest replies Top Threads voted as the best by the Warrior Forum. Beezid is one of the largest penny bidding sites online. com affiliate program. co. 01 and the price will go up by one penny every time somebody places a bid, hence the name. 5m, but the final cost, once fees are added, took. In a penny auction, site owners control the items up for bids. Add to this our discovery of many News sources that are claiming Penny Auction websites are a Scam. For each and every auctions website they owns their own rules. The Best Penny Auction Sites Online - Bid and Win at Top Penny Auction Sites! Top Penny Auction Sites. If you’re unfamiliar with how penny auctions work, see here. A Process-Oriented View Winning and Losing in Penny Auctions The Work of the Farm Security Administration in Region. Penny Auctions Work How to Use QuiBids. 10 to $1 each, depending on promotions, offers, and the bidding site, and are nonrefundable at the end of the auction. Any site. This auction house accepts all U. Have you heard of penny auctions but not sure how they work? Check out this video explaining how this new auction. Penny auction puts an item up for sale at $0. The bidding process in penny auctions. The pre-bid cost will vary from on every auction site but it generally falls in the range of $0. Common Penny Auction Mistakes – Avoid these mistakes and save yourself some wasted bids. Estimated number of the downloads is more than. In online auctions there is usually a set finish time, 7. The bidding process in penny auctions can be fast-paced and competitive. 50 and $1 and you have to buy. There is one exception however: You can only raise the price of the auctioned item by one penny ($0. Different products can be won at different penny auctions and some sites do not offer certain types of products at all. Sign up bonuses or freebies on Happybidday. Well, I happen to agree with that but some people will run the auctions as they see fit is my best answer. New Player Promo Code = BIDNOW – $10 of free bids – only for new players. Then lets say you win an auction for $10. Make sure you know exactly how penny auctions work before you start bidding. How to win more penny auctions using less bids. 60 per bid. 60 each. Business, Economics, and Finance. True, penny auctions might give you some very good. Penny Auctions Further Explained. Chinese auctions, also known as penny socials or tricky tray fundraisers, are a unique and fun way to raise money for your organization. After you place a bid, we show you the status of your bid: If you place a bid that does not meet the seller’s Reserve Price, we will. Higher End Decor (vintage, international, etc) Rare items of unique interest. Check out our Penny Auctions! If you are not familiar with “Penny Auctions,” then let me explain. How Penny Auctions Work. USA TODAY. You can’t win every auction you bid on, for the Penny Auction business to work there must be 3X the number of losers as there are winners (3 out 4 people will walk away with losing money). S. 30 in total cost!If the person that loses the bid still has to pay, both/all participants have an incentive to keep playing even past the value of the item. You’ll get loads of concepts from experienced designers around the globe. We found a Nikon D5100 DSLR camera with 18-55 mm lens that was sold for $43. . How it Operates. Start CRUSHING SkoreIt! & Other Penny Auctions, Too! 100% Free & 100% no spam guarantee! Traffic. For example, placing a bid at the early hours is advisable as most of the bidders are in bed by that time. com Promotion Code. Since 2009, we have been the best place to learn about penny auctions. Why would it work through Penny Auctions? 1. Penny auctions are like that except you are betting more and half the time the winner is fake. Penny auction bidding software is a revolutionary platform where users get the best of both worlds. The working of a penny auction can be simple enough from the. 1+ Thousand Downloads PREMIUM. The goal is to be the high bidder when the. WordPress Admin or Vendors Create a Simple Auction. 00 will get you 10 bids. Best Penny Auction To Win Electronics For New Bidders. If you are not sure how it all works, then read our penny auctions 101 tutorial to understand exactly how penny auction sites work before spending any money. The Penny Auction Guide Congressional Record Consumer Protection and Online Auction Platforms Winning and Losing in Penny Auctions The eBay Millionaire The Marriage Pact Group Decision and Negotiation. com gets free bids just for logging in. This article takes a look at the most common penny auction mistakes made by penny auction newbies or inexperienced bidders. 53 as compared to the $1,099. The cost of auction items generally start off at zero and each bid results to small increases to the product’s price, often a penny per bid, which explains the name. Penny Auction Basics. Crypto Quantum Leap. While every bid placed increases the auction price one penny, the cost of each bid is $0. Auction participants must purchase and use ‘bids’ in order to compete in the game of penny auction. 31 and saying well I would pay that for a $50 card, I will bid and buy that now or get out bid and have not lost anything. It advertises the price products are. Free SkoreIt! MasterClass. The highest bidder at the end of the auction wins the item, and each bid placed typically increases the price by one penny. So how do penny auctions work? "Penny-auction sites offer the thrill of the bid" (Consumer Reports) Greg Daugherty, executive editor of Consumer Reports, explained that penny auctions aren't like. Stack’s Bower, antique coin auctions with guarantee. 50 per penny. Proactively asks for customer feedback. Today, the auction sites may call these changes as a brand new sort of retail purchasing. Bids are open. 01 USD, 1¢, or 0. BOOMbidz. Username: howdy, Password: cowboy. You can get free bids by clicking the link on this site below. They work a little bit differently than you might be used to, if you are accustomed to some of the more established auction sites online. One of the safest penny auction sites is BidCactus. While every bid placed increases the auction price one penny, the cost of each bid is $0. The auction winner is the person who places the last bidding price when a specified time frame runs out, typically a few seconds to a few minutes. Doc Louallen. When a bid is placed, the auction timer is also increased by an additional ten seconds. – High bidding costs and skepticism from users. 01 or another small amount. Each penny bid in a penny auction pushes the price of the item up by a small amount and extends the time of the auction by a few seconds. Even though auctions of all types have been around for thousands of years, there is a new kind of auction that is taking the world by storm. Imagine the opportunity to buy a guitar worth thousands of dollars for under 20 bucks, a new digital camera for under $5. But, you are. A big misconception of penny auctions is the “one cent bid” where bids cost only one cent. A couple of the most frequent varieties of products that can be obtained at these popular auction sites would include several distinct jewelry items, ebooks, tvs, cell phones, electronic equipment, dvd. QuiBids ranks 2nd among Penny Auction sites. Since the cost of items reduces with each subsequent bid, it is an essential rule to place bids on the most expensive items on auction. Unlike traditional e-Bay style auctions, penny auctions work with a 20-second timer and on a pay-per-bid basis. Although penny auction sites work differently than regular auction sites like eBay. Popular Penny Auctions. BBC investigated penny auctions back in 2008 saying ‘Unlike eBay, where you can bid for free, users have to pay between 40 pence and £1. Usually it costs one. QuiBids is a Penny Bid Auction site where you can have a good time and get a good opportunity to win cool things. com gets free bids just for logging in. 2. Here is a more in-depth look at the legal issues surrounding these sites. People that happen to be brand-new to the prospect of being in a position to obtain a number of merchandise at prices that are difficult to find elsewhere, should pay particular awareness to this suggestion. They have a solid reputation in the penny auction industry and are members of entertainment shopping accreditation group. So when bidding on a high-priced item, let the auction run for a while after placing your first bid. Check back frequently, and if you have any questions or comments, you're encouraged to ask!Winning penny auctions is actually less difficult if a bidder only targets on one particular auction during an auction. A penny auction on GunBroker is a type of online auction where participants place small increments of bids on firearms and accessories listed for sale. This allows you to see the final gun prices in recently concluded auctions, thus take the temperature of the market. In order to place a bid on the item you have to buy a pack of bids; each bid costs anywhere from a few cents to more. com promo codes in our blog as soon as we find them available. The bid move is fixed. So, you might be able to buy 100 bids at 45 cents apiece. Each bid is worth 1 penny/cent and can cost anywhere from 50 pence/cents to 1 dollar/pound per bid. Bids cost around $0. If the winner placed 20 bids, the winner paid $757. ca affiliate program. That’s appealing abundant what the rulebook will say. Starting off, I expect you realize how real-life auctions work. The Quibids has an auto-bidder that will automatically bid for you somewhere with a few seconds left in the auction. It is able to do this because the Bid-Ninja servers constantly monitor. The main problem with penny auctions sites is that it is difficult to verify the sites’ legitimacy. Penny Auctions. Well, penny auctions work the exact same manner, with some 'changes'. Sites like Qubid and Beezid that claim you might win top shelf items for just a fraction of their retail cost make no sense to me. 99 and think wow, tommy got an amazing deal – now you’ll know how penny auctions really work. What the sites do behind the scenes might remain undisclosed to its users. com affiliate program – this site is officially challenging foopile for weirdest PA site name. Put to Work Auction Theory Common Value Auctions and the Winner's Curse The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History: Men's-YMCA Introduction to Electronic Commerce and Social Commerce Group Decision and Negotiation. 00. The Concept of Penny Auctions. Making an account is usually free, and once the user has signed. com Review. That means a site may spend $40 to sell one bid pack. Penny auctions are becoming quite popular after the recession when shoppers are looking for good deals. The. Each time you use one of. Penny auctions are a great way to receive huge discounts on consumer electronics like these, if you. Bid on online auctions and save. A penny auction site is a great way to get your hands on a top brand product for just pennies. The way the penny auctions work is when you register to the site, you have to immediately purchase 100 bids for $60. com offers editorial reviews and bidder ratings of carefully selected online penny auction sites. Penny auctions. You lose in Penny Auctions when you. Defining the goal and project objective of your online auction website will help professionals understand the expectations of your business website. 01 GBP, 1p; hence. To buy 10 bids it will cost you $5. 00. However, when a bid is raised, the timer is refreshed. Start CRUSHING SkoreIt! & Other Penny Auctions, Too! 100% Free & 100% no spam guarantee!. Grant Pstikyan filed the complaint against DealDash in Thursday. There are numerous sites that run these penny auctions. co. Generate several person brands and buying bids about every consideration. If the seller lists the gun for $1, and only one bidder. Learn the basics of penny auctions and understand what you are getting into before you start. The company has been sued under allegations that it is a form of illegal gambling and that its advertising is misleading. If you want to buy a new digital TV, laptop, console, or other electronic gadget, you may be interested in penny auction sites. Penny auctions put a consumer product up for “auction” on their websites. And the bid price is always higher than the fixed increment of the lot price increase by bidding. Its retail price would be, for the sake of calculating convenience, be $2000 and let your bids be at 25 cents per bid. How Bidrivals Auctions Work & Types of Auctions. Most execute off a similar community public auction style where a item is specific for a cent. Each bid bumps up the price a penny and resets a countdown clock. Many of the claims made by penny auction sites in banner ads and social media posts can sound too good to be true. Our editorial penny auction reviews cover the facts and details you will want to know about the penny auction site and we list the latest bonuses and promotions for each site. Pro’s. How to Bid in a DealDash Auction. Most penny auctions begin with a price of $0, with each bid placed the price is increased by one. And even marriage ceremony trash which is placed at the rear of the particular manufacturing facility for the purpose of decade and folks looking to eliminate. How Penny Auctions Work. Penny Auction. To know whether to stay away from penny auction sites or not, you will first need to know two things; how a penny auction really works and how can the sites provide these items at such impossible prices. Take advantage of these low win limits and register for free at BidRivals. Each bid you place raises the price of that item by $0. For example, your $50 winning bid for a camera might seem like a bargain, but if you placed 200 bids that cost $1 each, your cost will actually be $250 – plus shipping and handling, and possibly a transaction. How Does a Penny Auction Work? In a penny auction, the site owner posts items and you pay to bid for them. Currency Auctions estimates that uncirculated $2 bills from 1890 could sell for up to $4,500, and uncirculated bills from. Understanding how penny auctions work is pretty simple. 1. Ebay on the other hand, you do not get charged when bidding on an auction. $40 / Per Purchase. Many car auctions are only open to car dealers and require a dealer license to participate, but a quick Google search will turn up auto auctions open to the public all over the country. And here’s how the auctions work. A penny auction is an online auction that uses only small bid increases — usually at or around $0. 60. com penny bid site: Official Website: Headquarters in. They run pretty close to being illegal but one of the issues is they are advertised as auctions when they are not really auctions. A Process-Oriented View Handbook of Industrial Organization Multiagent System Technologies Auction Based Resource Provisioning in. Prices start at a penny and go up for every bid placed. Also specializes in American coins or high quality world coins. The way they work is the people who bid on the site generally have to make an account with the site. , York, NE 68467 Just one mile South of Interstate 80 on US Highway 81 at Exit 353. Penny auction sites charge for bids. Online Penny Auctions work by harnessing the power of individuals all betting for the same item. 90, and QuiBids. From the Agent: " New to the market is this. What are the potential pitfalls of penny. Reviewers satisfied with QuiBids most frequently mention customer service, credit card, and gift cards. There are a few ready to use script available for purchase from $19 - $1000. Unlike traditional e-Bay style auctions, penny auctions work with a 20-second timer and on a pay-per-bid basis. A penny auction is a website where people can go and bid on items. A penny auction is an auction where bidders pay-per-bid for an item and the time increases with each bid. Penny Auctions. How Penny Auctions Work. The auction clock restarts from 10 seconds every time someone bids. In recent years, the world of e-commerce has witnessed a surge in innovative business models. Penny auctions have surprising properties in practice. Online Penny Auctions differ little from all the real-life auctions taking place all around the world at any given time. Worse, it's betting without a valid and trustworthy overseer or regulator. Penny Auction Sites with Gift Cards. If the winning bid was. When the count down timer reaches zero the auction ends. 01 (all auctions start at $0. Local coin sellers. The. So here's the lowdown on how penny auctions work. For individuals of you who do not know Penny Auctions work like this: Customers obtain bids at roughly 60 cents each. That’s $45. Best Auction Software | 2019 Reviews of the Most Popular. It will help you onboard the right human resource for auction website development, aligning the application with the required standards. 2. Jewelry Penny Auction Sites. They have established a huge footprint online with a presence on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, as well as a blog that is updated several times a week. At the time of writing this article they give out 150 free bids per day just for logging in. When a consumer spots a bid, the price of the merchandise goes up one cent. Penny auction sites then proceed to sell high tech electronic products like iPads, iPhones, and. 2. com affiliate program. So, you might be able to buy 100 bids at 45 cents apiece. Similar adverts are everywhere, if you’ve ever wondered if they are legitimate or how they work, they usually link to penny auction sites. How do penny auctions work? Understanding the concept of penny auctions. 00) and it also restarts the clock from 10 seconds every time a bid is placed. Bid & Win! Penny Auctions 101 - Learn basics of how penny auction sites work. Covering entertainment auction site news, finding and highlighting the good, along with uncovering and educating consumers of the dangers of bad penny auction sites. BidCactus – Medium to Large and oldest US penny auction. S. Below you will find some of. If you want your website to be created and built to match the unique demands and objectives of your web development company or organization, you need to be very clear and explicit when expressing your purpose. Some exceptions to this definition exist and are described in the section about different types. The score your ads get directly influence their performance in auctions and of course, your advertising costs. Admin can create multiple penny products and each one costs a certain amount of money and a certain number of bidding turn. Quibids - How Penny Auctions Work - guaranteed to win on quibids!Discounts average $18 off with QuiBids promo code or couponQuibid. Online Penny Auctions differ little from all the real-life auctions taking place all around the world at any given time. these penny auctions. Vote on which products auction next; Large quantity of auctions up for grabs all during the day; Auctions open. Yet another penny auction script developer to enter the Penny Auction Watch Hall of Shame. Quibids - How Penny Auctions Work - guaranteed to win on quibids!Discounts average $18 off with QuiBids promo code or couponQuibid. 2.